Recent Development of Bioenergy and Biorefinery in China

Abstract

Although energy was used throughout the history of human culture, the burst of energy production and consumption coincided with the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. The transition from hand production methods to machines, the increasing exploration and use of fossil-derived fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas, shale fuel) made it possible to production of energy in large quantities. The majority of global energy supply still relies on traditional fossil based energy, with abundant fossil feedstock, well-understood technologies, and significant advantages in economy and scale. However, the traditional energy industry is now being challenged by sustainability of feedstock supply and environmental pressures, especially for carbon emission issues. Reduce the use of fossil fuels and replace them by renewable energies has been widely accepted by scientists, businesses and governors. Up to date, alternative renewable energy can be industrially produced via an extensive range of processes and sources like solar, wind, hydro, nuclear and bioenergy. According to the data of World Bioenergy Association (www. worldbioenergy.org), bioenergy has now been the largest global renewable energy supply which only below the traditional fossil energy.

China has abundant biomass resources to about 0.4 billion tons per year - if totally utilized the bioenergy can satisfy 10% of total energy consumption in China. However, the current utilization of bioenergy in China is of low efficiency: with immature technologies, in small production scales and hard to satisfy the market demands. For example, in global level, the final energy from biomass is bioheat, followed by transport fuels (mainly as corn/cellulose ethanol, biodiesel) and electricity. While in China, bioelectricity is the main form of bioenergy, large quantities of biomass are not efficiently utilized. Straw burning can be widely seen in agriculture area at harvesting season, which not only waste the valuable bioresources but also cause severe air pollution.

Currently, national projects are prompted in research and pilot level to improve the quantity and quality of Chinese bioenergy framework. Integrated production process for both bioheat and electricity was developed in recent years which aimed to improve the conversion efficiency of bioenergy. Super biogas projects are prompted in many regions where has abundant biomass resources. Second generation bio-ethanol is in pilot scale production, which utilizes the non-food agriculture waste like the corncobs. Moreover, biorefinery and bioconversion of the biomass to value added products are in early stages of development. Exploration of advanced bio-fuels and value-added chemical building blocks using modern techniques are future trends in the business of bioenergy and biorefinery. A variety of bio-, chemo- processes may be integrated in convertion of the biomass to the complex products. For example, Sinopec, one of the Chinese leading chemical companies, has explored 1^st generation of bio-jet fuel, which is made from waste cooking oil via a variety of chemical processing techniques. Similar projects are in fast developing by industries as well as the research institutes.

It is hard to answer what is the future of bioenergy and biorefinery in China. As nobody in the last century can predict the scale and the diversity of the relative business of bioenergy in nowadays. But this industry will have a promising future: a seemingly infinite and renewable bio- resources in our lands, huge members of industries, governments and research institutes are eager to contribute their endeavors in this fast developing field, and more discoveries and modern techniques will be unfolded in the near future. We will walk a long way to fill in the gap between pioneering projects and conceptions and the practical scale-up application in this field.

Citation: Xian, M. (2015). Recent Development of Bioenergy and Biorefinery in China. Trends in Renewable Energy, 1(3), 129-130. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2015.1.3.0015